酵母菌
酵母菌是成長型的單細胞真核微生物。雖則一些菌種於裂殖期,以假菌絲連接而形成多細胞性,但真菌絲則見於大部份的霉。酵母菌大小因品種而異,一般直徑為3-4微米,然而一些酵母菌,其直徑可大於40微米(μm)。
生活週期
酵母菌分別有,有性及無性繁殖週期。然而,無性分裂繁殖最為普遍。子細胞或新芽於母細胞形成。母細胞核分裂而成子細胞核,再遷往子細胞內。新芽繼續成長,直到脫離母細胞形成新細胞為止。有視於不同屬類酵母菌,新芽能於母細胞不同部位生長。
生芽酵母能與兩個基因組或一個基因組(二倍體或單倍體)共生存。無論是那一種情況,酵母菌皆以有絲分裂出芽方式繁殖。
二倍體細胞發生於兩種不同交配型,分別為a或α型。類型選用,取決於活躍交配型位點上的基因表現。
單倍體細胞能無限期地生存於單倍體條件下。然而,當相反交配型的兩個細胞相遇時,則會結合及進入細胞週期的二倍體期。此種發生並不如預期般罕見。
- 一倍體子囊生芽發生於胞子殼內,而交配一般上發生於此
- 雖則單位體細胞經歷成長過程,但大部份時間,仍然能尋獲相反交配型細胞。插圖雖然顯示每個單位體細胞會產生相同交配型新芽,細胞一般上會轉變其交配型。它有此能力,是因為除了活躍型位點外,並含有兩種「靜態」位點,分別為a與α。雙鏈於活躍位點破裂,自其中一個靜態位點取得資訊,將其修補。如果是a細胞,會選取自靜態α位點,吸取資訊。反之亦然
雙位體期細胞對惡劣環境條件,較有耐受力。當雙倍體細胞開始面對食物短缺時,會經歷減數分裂。於一個胞子囊內,形成四個單倍體胞子。(釀酒酵母分屬子囊菌網)
當優良條件恢復,胞子生芽產生四個單倍體酵母細胞:兩個a細胞及兩個α細胞
用途
數以千年以來,人類採用釀酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae),烘焙面包及蛋糕與釀製發酵酒精飲品。
製造不同食品,採用不同酵母:烘烤酵母用於面包生產,啤酒酵母作啤酒及葡萄酒發酵。酵母於現代細胞生物研究亦十分重要,同時也是經過最精確研究的真核性微生物。研究人員可利用酵母收集資料,以進入真核細胞生物學,其最終目的則是人類生物學。
酵母菌,尤其是真核細胞釀酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)之生理特性,廣泛地應用於細胞生物學及基因學上。其主因是酵母細胞與人類細胞的生活周期十分相似。因此,在DNA復製,再組合,細胞分裂及代謝等,基本細胞性機制可謂是相等。酵母菌之細胞性活動,比大腸埃希氏杆菌更似人體細胞。但卻如大腸埃希氏杆菌般能輕易培殖,快速成長;整個染色體組合已知悉;能輕易與其他來源基因轉換。酵母菌細胞生活週期與人類細胞十分相似,並由同源蛋白所調節
Life Cycle
Budding yeast can live with either two genomes (diploid) or one (haploid). In either case, it reproduces by forming buds (hence 'budding') by mitosis.
Haploid cells occur in two different mating types: a or α. The type is determined by the expression of a gene at an active mating type locus.
Haploid cells can live indefinitely in the haploid condition. However, if two cells of opposite mating types meet, they can fuse and enter the diploid phase of the cell cycle.
This is not as rare event as you might expect.
* Germination of the haploid spores takes place while they are still within the ascus and mating normally occurs there.
* Even if haploid cells go through a period of growth, they can still find cells of the opposite mating type most of the time. Although the illustration shows each haploid cell producing a bud of the same mating type, often the cell switches mating type. It is able to do so because in addition to the active mating type locus, it contains two "silent" loci - one a and one α. A double-strand break (DSB) at the active locus is repaired with the information from one of the silent loci. If the cell is a, it prefers to tap the information in the silent α locus; and vice-versa.
Cells in the diploid phase are more resistant to harsh environmental conditions. When diploid cells begin to run out of food, they undergo meiosis, forming four haploid spores in an ascus (Saccharomyces cerevisiae belongs to the ascomycetes.)
When good conditions return, the spores germinate producing four haploid yeast cells: two a and two α.
每個孢子囊含四個子囊孢子,為單一減數分裂結果。此項保留減數分裂產物之特徵,促使烘烤酵母成為遺傳學之強大工具
酵母菌交配混合物顯示酵母細胞於此生活週期階段之特有形状
孢子一般會在囊內形成四面體狀。一個孢子囊偶而會有所有四個孢於同一平面上。