ECM (Extra Cellular Matrix)
All thoses cells are weltering in the Extra Cellular Matrix. In biology, extracellular matrix (ECM) is any material part of a tissue that is not part of any cell. Extracellular matrix is the defining feature of connective tissue.
The ECM's main components are various glycoproteins, proteoglycans and hyaluronic acid. In most animals, the most abundant glycoproteins in the ECM are collagens. In fact, collagen is the most abundant protein in the human body. ECM also contains many other components: proteins such as fibrin, elastin, fibronectins, laminins, and nidogens, and minerals such as blood plasma or serum with secreted free flowing antigens.
In addition it sequesters a wide range of cellular growth factors, and acts as a local depot _
Total Skin Rejuvenation & Revitalisation Program
Keratinocyte is the major cell type of the epidermis, making up about 90% of epidermal cells. The epidermis is divided into four or five layers (depending on skin type) based on keratinocyte morphology:
- Stratum basale (at the junction with the dermis)
- Stratum spinosum
- Stratum granulosum
- Sratum lucidum (only present in thick skin - i.e. palms of hand and soles of feet)
- Stratun corneum
Keratinocytes originate in the basal layer from the division of keratinocyte stem cells. They are pushed up through the layers of the epidermis, undergoing gradual differentiation until they reach the stratum corneum where they form a layer of enucleated, flattened, highly keratinized cells called squamous cells. This layer forms an effective barrier to the entry of foreign matter and infectious agents into the body and minimises moisture loss.
Keratinocytes are shed and replaced continuously from the stratum corneum. The time of transit from basal layer to shedding is approximately one month although this can be accelerated in conditions of keratinocyte hyperproliferation such as psoriasis.
The stratum corneum ("the horny layer") is the outermost layer of the epidermidis (the outermost layer of the skin). It is composed mainly of dead cells that lack nuclei. As these dead cells slough off, they are continuously replaced by new cells from the stratum germinativum (basale). In the human forearm, for example, about 1300 cells/cm2/hr are shed and commonly accumulate as house dust. Cells of the stratum corneum contain keratin, a protein that helps keep the skin hydrated by preventing water evaporation. In addition, these cells can also absorb water, further aiding in hydration and explaining why humans and other animals experience wrinkling of the skin.
The stratum lucidum (Latin for "clear layer") is a thin, clear layer of dead skin cells in the epidermis, and is named for its translucent appearance under a microscope. The keratinocytes of the stratum lucidum do not feature distinct boundaries and are filled with eleidin, an intermediate form of keratin.
The stratum granulosumum. This layer typically contains 1 to 3 rows of aquamous cells with many small basophilic granules in their cytoplasm. These keratohyalin granules are a step in the synthesis of the waterproofing protein kertain, and contain large amounts of fillagrin. This is the highest layer in the epidermis where living cells are found, the stratum lucidum above appears clear due to auto-digestion of cellular organelles. This layer also includes lamellar granules and tonofibrils.
In the skin, the stratum spinosum is a multi-layered arrangement of cuboidal cells that sits beneath the stratum granulosum. Adjacent cells are joined by desmosomes giving them the spiny appearance from which their name is derived. Their nuclei are often darkened, which is an early sign of cell death. Their fate is sealed because the nutrients and oxygen in interstitial fluid have become exhausted before the fluid is able to reach them by diffusion. Cells of the stratum spinosum actively synthesize intermediate filaments called cytokeratins which are composed of keratin. These intermediate filaments are anchored to the desmosomes joining adjacent cells to provide structural support, helping the skin resist abrasion.
Stratum germinativum (also stratum basale or basal cell layer) is the layer of keratinocytes that lies at the base of the epidermidis immediately above the dermis. It consists of a single layer of tall, simple columnar epithelial cells lying on a basement membrane. These cells undergo rapid cell division, mitosis to replenish the regular loss of skin by shedding from the surface. About 25% of the cells are melanocytes, which produce melanin which provides pigmentation for skin and hair.
Under this epiderm, is the derm: The dermis is a layer of skin beneath the epidermidis that consists of connective tissue and cushions the body from stress and strain. The dermis is tightly connected to the epidermis by a basement membrane. It also harbors many nerve endings that provide the sense of touch and heat. It particularly contains more blood vessels. The dermis is structurally divided into two areas: a superficial area adjacent to the epidermis, called the papillary region, and a deep thicker area known as the reticular region, which receives its name from the dense concentration of collagenous, elastic, and reticular fibers that weave throughout it. These protein fibers give the dermis its properties of strength, extensibility, and elasticity. For example, tattoo ink is injected into the dermis; stretch marks from pregnancy are also located in the dermis.
for them. Changes in physiological conditions can trigger protease activities that cause local release of such depots. This allows the rapid and local activation of cellular functions, without de novo synthesis.
Given this diversity, ECM can serve many functions, such as providing support and anchorage for cells, providing a way of separating the tissues, and regulating intercellular communication. The ECM regulates a cell's dynamic behavior.
MMP (Matrix metalloproteinases)
MMPs are capable of degrading all kinds of extracellular matrix proteins, but also can process a number of bioactive molecules. MMPs are also thought to play a major role on cell behaviors such as cell proliferation, migration (adhesion/dispersion), differentiation, angiogenesis. They are distinguished from other endopeptidases by their ability to degrade extracellular matrix, and their specific evolutionary DNA Sequence.
The stratum corneum ("the horny layer") is the outermost layer of the epidermidis (the outermost layer of the skin). It is composed mainly of dead cells that lack nuclei. As these dead cells slough off, they are continuously replaced by new cells from the stratum germinativum (basale). In the human forearm, for example, about 1300 cells/cm2/hr are shed and commonly accumulate as house dust. Cells of the stratum corneum contain keratin, a protein that helps keep the skin hydrated by preventing water evaporation. In addition, these cells can also absorb water, further aiding in hydration and explaining why humans and other animals experience wrinkling of the skin.
The stratum lucidum (Latin for "clear layer") is a thin, clear layer of dead skin cells in the epidermis, and is named for its translucent appearance under a microscope. The keratinocytes of the stratum lucidum do not feature distinct boundaries and are filled with eleidin, an intermediate form of keratin.
The stratum granulosumum. This layer typically contains 1 to 3 rows of squamous cells with many small basophilic granules in their cytoplasm. These
_
_
keratohyalin granules are a step in the synthesis of the waterproofing protein kertain, and contain large amounts of fillagrin. This is the highest layer in the epidermis where living cells are found, the stratum lucidum above appears clear due to auto-digestion of cellular organelles. This layer also includes lamellar granules and tonofibrils.
In the skin, the stratum spinosum is a multi-layered arrangement of cuboidal cells that sits beneath the stratum granulosum. Adjacent cells are joined by desmosomes giving them the spiny appearance from which their name is derived. Their nuclei are often darkened, which is an early sign of cell death. Their fate is sealed because the nutrients and oxygen in interstitial fluid have become exhausted before the fluid is able to reach them by diffusion. Cells of the stratum spinosum actively synthesize intermediate filaments called cytokeratins which are composed of keratin. These intermediate filaments are anchored to the desmosomes joining adjacent cells to provide structural support, helping the skin resist abrasion.
Stratum germinativum (also stratum basale or basal cell layer) is the layer of keratinocytes that lies at the base of the epidermis immediately above the dermis. It consists of a single layer of tall, simple columnar epithelial cells lying on a basement membrane. These cells undergo rapid cell division, mitosis to replenish the regular loss of skin by shedding from the surface. About 25% of the cells are melanocytes, which produce melanin which provides pigmentation for skin and hair.
Under this epiderm, is the derm: The dermis is a layer of skin beneath the epidermidis that consists of connective tissue and cushions the body from stress and strain. The dermis is tightly connected to the epidermis by a basement membrane. It also harbors many nerve endings that provide the sense of touch and heat. It particularly contains more blood vessels. The dermis is structurally divided into two areas: a superficial area adjacent to the epidermis, called the papillary region, and a deep thicker area known as the reticular region, which receives its name from the dense concentration of collagenous, elastic, and reticular fibers that weave throughout it. These protein fibers give the dermis its properties of strength, extensibility, and elasticity. For example, tattoo ink is injected into the dermis; stretch marks from pregnancy are also located in the dermis.
The skin
MFIII Total Skin Rejuvenation & Revitalisation Program (Vegetal Placenta) or MFIII VP is a composition that will work as anti-MMPs, consolidating the ECM and amino acid that will be used to produce new proteins as collagen in the very specific way skin is organised.
